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a comparator group

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HEALPix Discrete Global Grid System defined on the unit sphere (Górski et al. 2005), as implemented in the canonical healpy library, applied to WGS84-referenced data without ellipsoidal correction.

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Other equal-area DGGS (H3, ISEA3H), equal-area projection-based grids (Behrmann, Mollweide, the EEA reference grid / LAEA Europe), and regular lat-lon grids as cautionary baseline.

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Lat-lon-flat machine learning — feature extraction and detection that operate on the equirectangular projection of the same fields, exploiting only translation equivariance in pixel space.

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Wave conditions at storm landfall were reconstructed using the CMEMS regional wave reanalysis for each basin: IBI (Xynthia), NWSHELF (Xaver), and MEDSEA (Gloria). These higher-resolution, basin-specific models (1.5–4 km) were compared with the global WAVERYS reanalysis to assess the impact of model choice. Both approaches are operational products validated against in-situ buoy observations through CMEMS quality assessments.

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A disconnected metadata index (STAC) over object storage, where array data and metadata are written and managed separately with no shared transaction.

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The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), the standard remote-sensing index for delineating surface water from green and near-infrared reflectance.

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The same detection + overlap-tracking algorithm run locally outside Galaxy (scikit-image + scipy), used to confirm the Galaxy result and to provide a hermetic, credential-free reproduction.

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The same analysis on a regular geographic latitude/longitude grid, whose cells shrink in surface area towards the poles.